Answering the Blue Devil Call: Performing a repertoire of Resistance, Disruption, and Inspiration
Published 2022-09-30
How to Cite
Abstract
This paper explores performance, disruption, and the decolonial forces of the Caribbean Carnival and the Blue Devil masquerade. The Blue Devil performance can be linked to African cultural traditions (Dabiri, 2019) which emerged within the pre and post emancipation Trinidad Carnival and the Jab Jab or Molasses devil masquerade (Mas). Both Carnival and Devil Mas symbolize resistance, ritual and rebellion as practiced by enslaved Africans and their descendants (Hill, 1972; Liverpool, 2001; Bakhtin, 1968). In this paper I discuss the performance of the Blue Devil in resisting and disrupting historical and contemporary forces of oppression. I tie the 'erotic' energy of Blue Devil to decolonial and abolition practices of imagining, creating, and inspiring strategies to change the world.
References
- Ajamu, McFarlane, C., & Cummings, R. (2020). Promiscuous archiving: Notes on the joys of curating Black Queer legacies. Journal of Canadian Studies/Revue d'études canadiennes 54(2), 585-615. https://www.muse.jhu.edu/article/780623. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3138/jcs-2020-00670
- Asmelash, L. (2020). How Black Lives Matter went from a hastag to a global rallying cry. https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/26/us/black-lives-matter-explainer-trnd/index.html
- Bakhtin, M. M. (1968). Rabelais and his world. USA; Indiana University press.
- Bakhtin, M.M., (1981) The dialogic imagination: Four essays. Austin: University of Texas.
- Benítez Rojo, A., James E. M. The Repeating Island: the Caribbean and the Postmodern Perspective. 2nd ed. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press, 1996. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822382058
- Blain, C. (2019). The visibility paradox in Black Canadian LGBTQ2S+ communities. In Facing the change; Canada and the International Decade for People of African Descent. Special Edition in Partnership with the Canadian Commission for UNESCO VOLUME 16 | NO.4 2019. https://acs-metropolis.ca/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/canadiandiversity-vol16-no4-2019-fq0dg.pdf.
- Camnitzer, L. (2005). The keeper of the lens. In Looking at the spirits: Peter Minshall’s Carnival drawings. New York; The Drawing Center. P.5
- Caribana Toronto (2022). Caribana Toronto 2022. Retrieved from https://www.caribanatoronto.com.
- Cozier, C. (1998). Trinidad: Questions about contemporary histories. In Caribe Insular, exclusion, fragmentación y paraisó, Badajoz, Mejac and Madrid: Casa de América.348-9.
- Dabiri. (2019). How Did the Devil Cross the Deep Blue Sea?: Orality and the Preservation of Horned and Devil Mas in British Caribbean Carnivals. Caribbean Quarterly, 65(4), 603–620. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/00086495.2019.1685765
- DeLoughrey. (2007). Routes and roots: navigating Caribbean and Pacific Island literatures. University of Hawai’i Press.
- Democracy Now (2020). Angela Davis on Abolition, calls to defund police, toppled racist statues & voting in 2020 Election. https://www.democracynow.org/2020/6/12/angela_davis_on_abolition_calls_to
- Diverlus, Rodney, Sandy Hudson, and Syrus Marcus Ware. (2020). Until We Are Free: Reflections on Black Lives Matter in Canada. Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada: University of Regina Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780889776968
- Dryden, O. S. H., Lenon, S., & Awwad, J. (2015). Disrupting queer inclusion: Canadian homonationalisms and the politics of belonging. Vancouver; UBC Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.59962/9780774829458
- Edmonds, P. WARC Gallery presents a multimedia installation by Natalie Wood. Retrieved from Arc Magazine http://arcthemagazine.com/arc/2012/11/warc-gallery-presents-a-multimedia-installation-by-natalie-wood/
- Fanon, F. (1965). A Dying Colonialism. New York: Grove Press.
- Fanon, F. (1986). Black skin white masks. London: Pluto Press.
- Fanon, F (2005). (trans. Richard Philcox). The Wretched of the Earth. New York: Grove Press, (reprint edition).
- Ford-Smith, H. (2019). The body and performance in 1970’s Jamaica: Toward a decolonial cultural method. Small Axe (58) pp. 150-168. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/07990537-7374514
- Forbes-Erickson, D. A. (2009). Sexuality in Caribbean performance: Homoeroticism and the African body in Trinidad. In Africans and the politics of popular culture. Eds.Falola, T., Agwuele, A. New York; University of Rochester Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9781580467094-013
- Foucault, M., & Gordon, C. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977. New York: Pantheon Books.
- Gramsci, Antonio (1971). Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci. New York: International Publishers.
- Hall, S (1997). The Centrality of Culture, Ch 5. In Thompson (ed) Thompson, K. (1997). Media and cultural regulation. London; Thousand Oaks, Calif,: Milton Keynes Sage Publications.
- Hartman, S. (2007). Lose Your Mother: A journey along the Atlantic slave route. New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux.
- Hill. E. (1972). The Trinidad carnival: mandate for a national theatre. USA; University of Texas Press.
- Hoffman, A. (2017). Interview with Walter Mignolo part 2: Key concepts. Retrieved in https://www.e-ir.info/2017/01/21/interview-walter-mignolopart-2-key-concepts/
- hooks, b. (1994). Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom. New York: Routledge.
- Scott, James (1990) Domination and the Arts of Resistance: Hidden Transcripts. London: Yale University Press.
- Johnson, G, T. & Lubin, A. (2017). Futures of Black Radicalism. London; Brooklyn, NY: Verso.
- Kelley, R. D. G. (2002). Freedom dreams: The Black radical imagination. Boston: Beacon Press.
- Goldenberg, D. (2005). The curse of Ham: Race and slavery in early Judaism, Christianity and Islam. USA: Princeton University Press.
- Liverpool, C. Hollis (2001). Rituals of Power and Rebellion: The carnival tradition in Trinidad and Tobago – 1763 -1962. Research Associates School Times Publications/ Frontline Distribution Int’l Inc.: Republic of Trinidad and Tobago.
- Lorde, A. (1984). Sister outsider: Essays and speeches. Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press.
- Maldonado-Torres, N (2016). Outline of then theses on coloniality and decoloniality. Frantz Fanon Foundation.
- Maldonado – Torres, N. (2011). Thinking through the Decolonial Turn: Post-continental Interventions in Theory, Philosophy, and Critique—An Introduction DOI: https://doi.org/10.5070/T412011805
- Martin, C. (1998). Trinidad Carnival Glossary Author(s) Source: TDR (1988-), Autumn, 1998, Vol. 42, No. 3, Trinidad and Tobago Carnival (Autumn, 1998), pp. 220-235 Published by: The MIT Press Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/11466
- Maynard, R. (2017). Policing black lives: State violence in Canada from slavery to the present. Halifax: Fernwood Publishing.
- Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). The phenomenology of perception (C. Smith, Trans.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
- Minshall, P. (1995). Carnival and its place in Caeribbean culture and art. In Caribbean Visions: Contemporary painting and sculpture. Alexandria; Art Services International pp 49-57.
- Moten, F. (2003). In the break: The aesthetics of the Black radical tradition. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.
- Moten, F. & Harney, S. (2004). The University and the Undercommons. Social Text 22, no. 2: 101–115. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/01642472-22-2_79-101
- McKittrick, K. (2011). On plantations, prisons, and a black sense of place. Social & Cultural Geography, 12(8), 947–963. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14649365.2011.624280
- McKittrick, K. (Ed.). (2015). Sylvia Wynter: On Being Human as Praxis. Durham: Duke Univ Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/9780822375852
- Munoz, J. E. (2009). Cruising utopia: The then and there of queer futurity. New York: New York University Press.
- Nixon, A. (2020). Righteous rage – On protests & uprisings against police violence in Trinidad. Stabroek News. Retrieved from https://www.stabroeknews.com/2020/07/06/features/in-the-diaspora/righteous-rage-on-protests-uprisings-against-police-violence-in-trinidad/
- Nurse, K. (1999). Globalization and Trinidad Carnival: Diaspora, hybridity and identity in global culture. Cultural Studies. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/095023899335095
- Robinson, C. J. (2000). Black Marxism: the making of the Black radical tradition. USA: University of North Carolina Press
- Rodney, W. (1973). How Europe underdeveloped Africa. USA: Verso Press.
- Steuart J. (2020). Black Lives Matter protests in Trinidad and Tobago spark discussions about race. https://globalvoices.org/2020/06/09/black-lives-matter-protests-in-trinidad-tobago-spark-discussions-about-race/
- Tancons, C. (2016). Curating Carnival? Performance in contemporary Caribbean art and the paradox of performance art in contemporary art. In Caribbean popular culture: Power, politics, and performance. Eds. Hume, Y & Kamugisha, A. pp. 347 – 361. Jamaica: Ian Randle Publishers.
- Taylor, D. (2003). The archive and the repertoire: Performing cultural memory in the Americas. USA: Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822385318
- UN General Assembly (2015). International Decade for People of African Descent. Retrieved from https://www.un.org/en/events/africandescentdecade/
- UN Human Rights Council (2017). Report of the Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent on its mission to Canada, A/HRC/36/60/Add.1, Retrieved from https://www.refworld.org/docid/59c3a5ff4.html
- Walcott, R. (2021). The long emancipation time: Moving towards freedom. USA. Duke University Press. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1215/9781478021360
- Wallen, G. (2015). There Is Always More than What We Perceive. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Ontario College of Arts and Design University, Toronto, Canada.
- Wynter, S. (2003). Unsettling the Coloniality of Being/Power/Truth/Freedom: Towards the Human, After Man, Its Overrepresentation—An Argument. CR: The New Centennial Review, Volume 3, Number 3, Fall 2003, pp. 257-337. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/ncr.2004.0015